Vicarious Liability Concept, Robert Courtneys Case - 550 Words

Vicarious Liability: Concept, Robert Courtneys Case (Coursework Sample) Content: Title: Vicarious LiabilitySubjectLearnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameAffiliated instituteIntroductionIn day to day life, there are actions/activities which that are considered to be against the law. Under ordinary circumstances, when a person has an age defined in the state legal documents as the adult age, he/she is treated as independent and responsible for his/her actions. For instance, if an adult sibling is involved in a crime, his/her parents or next of kin cannot be held responsible for the actions. However, a scenario arises in which actions of a person can lead to another person been held responsible. In such scenarios, the person who is held liable for another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actions is considered to have a special relationship with the action doer. Such scenario is termed as vicarious liability.As explained by Paula Giliker (2010) in his book "Vicarious Liability in Tort," Vicarious liability doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t represent a tort as may be perceived by many, but a rule of responsibility whereby the defendant can be rendered liable for the offenses committed by another person. In this case for instance, offences committed by an employee can render employer liable, not for his own actions but the actions of the tortfeasor.Concept of vicarious liabilityVicarious liability operates on the concept that, the person held responsible for the actions of the tortfeasor played a role in the actions. It claims that, the persons have a special relationship (e.g. Parent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Son relationship) and therefore, the defendant could have used his/her authority over the tortfeasor to prevent to law violation. For instance, if a parent allowed a son drive out a car which later committed a crime, the parent can be held liable.Robert Courtneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s caseIn this case, Robert Courtney who was the owner of a pharmacy was found to have been diluting the medication prescribed for people with cancer. Evidence was found that the medication samples which had been co llected from one of his clients were found to be diluted and thus the medication had a fraction of the expected medicinal content. He pleaded guilty and charged with several account, including responsibility for deaths which could have been prevented.Applicability of vicarious liabilityThe application of vicarious liability as leading to Robert Courtney being held responsible, do not seem to be direct. As defined under law circumstances, this law involves two people, whereby one person is held responsible and suffers consequences for actions of another person related in a way. However, Robert Courtney being an employer and employee at the same time in his own pharmacy, vicarious liability holds. He committed the crime while working as an employee for his firm, but he was still the employer and therefore held responsible.This scenario seems similar to the case of Valles v. Albert Einstein Medical Center, (Pa.Super. 2000), in which the doctor malpractice...

Brucellosis Disease in Buffalo The Main Clinical Symptoms - 1375 Words

Brucellosis Disease in Buffalo: The Main Clinical Symptoms (Research Paper Sample) Content: Brucellosis Disease in BuffaloNameInstitutionBrucellosis Disease in BuffalosBuffaloes have a typical use for milk, meat and work. Today there are over 170 million buffalos in the world with 2% in Egypt, 0.2% in Italy and 97% in Asia[1.Borghese, A. and M. Mazzi. Buffalo population and strategies in the world. Buffalo production and research 67: 1-39] Brucellosis is broadly prevalent in most important zoos in Middle East countries and Iraq. Several species belonging to Brucella genus are the cause of brucellosis. Brucellaabortus commonly affects Buffalos. The main characteristic factors for these bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and facultative intracellular Coccobacilli. Humans can guard themselves from the disease by avoiding the use of infected, unpasteurized animal Milk products.[. Songer JW and Post KW. Veterinary microbiology: Bacterial and fungal agents of animal diseases. Elsevier Saunders. 2005. pp: 125-133..] [. Al-Abdaly IBA. Infection of bru cellosis in Nineveh province with some biochemical aspects: PhD. Dissertation. Iraq: University of Mosul, 2005] [. Robinson, A. Guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper (2003)156, pp: 1-46).] [5.Carrera, I. A., M. J. L. Rodriguez, A. M. Saphina, A. L. Lafuente, and A. R. B.Sacristan. Probable transmission of brucellosis by breast milk. J Trop. Pediatrics (2006).52: 380-381] The main clinical symptoms of the disease in humans are body weakness, headaches, muscle and joint pain. Additional symptoms include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, undulant fever, chills and night sweats .In animals the main characteristics of brucellosis infection are abortion, retained placenta, orchitis, decreased milk production and reduced survival of newborn. Infected animals also become carriers of the bacteria and start shedding the organisms by urine and milk. The main important point to note is that infected animals transmitte the disease to different animals by direct contact with tissue or their discharge and as a result from the ingestion of contaminated material.[.Young, E. J. (1983). "Human brucellosis." Review of Infectious Diseases 5(5): 821-842.] [. Borghese, A. and M. Mazzi. Buffalo population and strategies in the world. Buffalo production and research 67: 1-39] Iraq has considered Brucellosis one of the endemic diseases since 1937. Brucellosis has caused serious economic losses and reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, placentiitis and low milk secretion.[. Al-Zahawi, S. Confirmation de l`existence de la Fie`vekandulante en. Iraq: Bull. Int. Hyg. Publ. 30: 1559-1562] [. OIE. Enzootic abortion of ewes: Ovine chlamydiosis In : Paris, France: OIE terrestrial manual, 2012;pp:1-9..] Brucella is an intracellular bacterium. The treatment for these bacteria is a big challenge. In addition, there is no effective treatment for brucellosis. Ox-tetracycline is the commonly used antibiotic.[10.Metcalf, H.E., Luchsinger, D.W., Ray, W.C., Brucellosis, in: Handbook of Zoonoses, Second Edition, Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial, Chlamydia, and Mycotic Zoonoses. London, UK: CRC Press.1994. 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬39.] Study design:A cross sectional study with sampling was conducted to investigate Brucellosis disease potential risk factors for in buffalos in Northeast district of Badush in Mosul province. This was because buffalos were just easy to find in this area of Mosul province. According to the data obtained from Veterinary Hospital Center on Buffalo farmersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ list, there are currently 1500 Buffalo owners in Badush district. Data was collected from randomly selected 800 owners from 10 villages using a structured questionnaire. We had taken this number of farmers to increase the level of confidence on the research findings. I would like to investigate if there is a variation between all these factors flock size, Abortion history, contact with neighbor and purchasing of new animals fr om different owners.Observational studyCross sectional study was chosen because it is quick and cheap to do than other study such as cohort study. It is considered as the best study to determine the prevalence of the disease. It is also cheap and easy to obtain information from cross-sectional study. Cross- sectional study allows obtaining blood samples from population simultaneously. In cross- sectional study, we can select the animals randomly and divide them into various groups after selection.We can also study several factors at one time in cross- sectional study. However, we cannot determine the causes and effect because we did the collection at one time. In the cross- sectional study also, we cannot determine the outcome control programs. Therefore, some researchers recommended doing the Cohort study, which is responsible for these factors.They said cross-sectional study is less suitable for short-lived effects. We were suspecting that most buffalos suffered from brucellosis f or a long time as a chronic disease. We also needed to apply human and animal ethics.Sampling of animalsSterile vacationers collected 10mL samples. They then transported them to College of Veterinary Medicine in Mosul under 4ÂC. In the lab, each sample was given an identity number and serum was removed. Samples were tested with RBPT test and then the ELISA test was used to confirm seropositive animals. Seroprevalence was done to determine the prevalence of brucellosis. Infected herds were those who had at least two animals show positive results in both tests (RB and ELISA).Variable Level/category Disease Prevalence Odds Ratio Lower95% C.I Upper95% C.I +ve --Ve Flock size 10 21 179 10.50% 3.40 1.80% 6.42% 10-15 33 317 9.43% 3.02 1.70% 5.35% 15 27 223 10.80% 3.51 1.93% 6.39% Contact with neighbor yes 60 540 10.00% 3.22 1.92% 5.42% No 20 180 10.00% 3.22 1.70% 6.12% Abortion history yes 70 180 28.00% 11.28 6.68% 19.05% No 10 540 1.82% 0.54 0.25% 1.16% Purchasing Buffalo ye s 60 140 30.00%...