Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Education - Research Paper Example Twenty-one questions answered on a scale apply as the measurement tool to measure job satisfaction. In addition, factor analysis in the nature of varimax rotation facilitates the grouping of the survey questions on six major factors. These are opportunity for autonomy and growth, quality of supervision, career advancement opportunities, pay benefits, physical and job stress and job security. Questions used in the National Health and Retirement Survey serve to find out in this survey of intentions to quit or leave current positions. A panel of experts reviews the survey to gauge content, format, readability and usability. Finally, a test on the project involving nurses from different environments occurs. Data collection is takes place through a descriptive questionnaire of twenty one questions measured on a scale out of seven. The overall response rate is one thousand, five hundred and seventy four respondents. There is the use of descriptive statistics to compares BS and AD educates Registered Nurses. Variables measured include job satisfaction and duration of career. All the nursing variables finally get comparison by application of age cohorts. 91.5% of the one thousand, five hundred and seventy four respondents are working nurses and complete the remaining survey questions (McIntosh et al., 2005). There is exclusion of some nurses from the survey leaving a total of one thousand and thirty nine nurses whose responses contribute to the findings. Four hundred and ninety three nurses list AD as their highest level of education. On the other hand, five hundred and forty six list BS as their highest education level. AD and BS nurses work in different environments with BS nurses working in hospitals while AD nurses work in private care. BS educated nurses cite more job satisfaction in terms of career growth and longevity. BS nurses

Chinese Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Chinese Foreign Policy Essay Specific portfolio. (See â€Å"Collective Leadership.†) To ensure Party control, the top-ranked members of the PSC serve concurrently as the heads of other parts of the political system. The top ranked PSC member, Party General Secretary Hu Jintao, for example, serves concurrently as head of the military, in his capacity as head of Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and as the head of State, in his capacity as State President. The second-ranked PSC member, Wu Bangguo, serves as Chairman of the National People’s Congress (NPC), while the third-ranked PSC member, Wen Jiabao, serves as Premier of the State Council, and the fourth-ranked member, Jia Qinglin, heads the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and oversees the Party’s relations with non-Communist groups. Portfolios for other PSC members include the propaganda system; management of the Party bureaucracy and Hong Kong and Macau; finance and economics; Party discipline; and the internal security system. 32 PSC members also head Party â€Å"Leading Small Groups† (LSGs) for their policy areas. LSGs are secretive bodies intended to facilitate cross-agency coordination in implementation of Politburo Standing Committee decisions. The National Security Leading Small Group and the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group, for example, are both headed by Party General Secretary Hu Jintao. The next highest decision-making body is the full Politburo, which, with the suspension of the disgraced former Chongqing Party Secretary, Bo Xilai, now comprises 24 officials. In addition to the nine members of the PSC, Politburo members include the heads of major departments of the Party bureaucracy, the two highest ranking officers in the Chinese military, State Council Vice Premiers, a State Councilor, and Party leaders from important cities and provinces. The current Politburo has only one female member. Because of its relatively unwieldy size and the geographic diversity of its members, the full Politburo is not involved in day-to-day decision-making. In 2011, it met eight times, with its meetings often focused on a single major policy area or on preparations for major national meetings. According to the Party’s constitution, the PSC and Politburo derive their power from the Central Committee, whose full and alternate members together â€Å"elect† the Politburo, Politburo Standing Committee, and Party General Secretary, and â€Å"decide† on the composition of the Party’s Central Military Commission.34 In practice, incumbent top officials provide a list of nominees to the Central Committee, which ratifies the leadership’s nominees.35 The current nearly 400-member Central Committee (including alternates) is made up of leaders from the provinces (41.5%), central ministries (22.6%), the military (17.5 %), central Party organizations (5.9%), and stateowned enterprises, educational institutions, â€Å"mass organizations† such as the Communist Youth League, and other constituencies (12.4%). The National People’s Congress (NPC) The third major political institution in China is the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s unicameral national legislature. According to Article 57 of China’s constitution, the NPC is â€Å"the highest organ of state power.† The Constitution tasks the NPC with overseeing the Presidency, the State Council, the State Central Military Commission, the Supreme People’s Court, and China’s national level public prosecutor’s office, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. In practice, however, the NPC’s powers are severely limited, and the entire entity operates under the leadership of the Communist Party. The public theater of the NPC’s work is centered around its ten-day-long annual full session, held every March and attended by all of the NPC’s nearly 3,000 deputies. The next full session, in March 2013, will mark the start of a new five-year Congress, and is expected to approve a major leadership transition, including a new President and Premier, and new Vice Premiers and State Councilors. At the annual full sessions, NPC deputies almost always vote to approve the reports, laws, and candidates put before them, usually by overwhelming margins, leading many observers to describe the NPC as a â€Å"rubber stamp† parliament. NPC delegates do occasionally push back, however. At the March 2012 session of the NPC, for example, a record 20% of deputies withheld their support from the Ministry of Finance’s budget report, reportedly in protest over the Ministry’s longstanding refusal to accept any NPC suggestions for revisions to the budget.47 (Unlike the U.S. Congress, the National People’s Congress does not pass spending bills. Rather, at the annual full session each year, it votes to approve the budget presented by the Minister of Finance.) The NPC also makes revisions to the Premier’s annual report on the work of the government, the State’s most important policy document. Out of the public eye, individual committees and the Standing Committee exercise more meaningful influence. They shape legislation and can exercise a degree of oversight over government entities through â€Å"inspection† visits and committee reports. The power of individual NPC deputies to exercise oversight is largely restricted to the right to submit â€Å"proposals† advocating for reforms or demanding better implementation of laws or regulations, to which officials are required to respond in writing. Because the annual full session of the congress is so brief, much of the NPC’s work is undertaken by its approximately 175-member Standing Committee, which meets about half a dozen times a year.48 Other important NPC bodies include nine specialized committees and a legislative affairs work committee, all of which review and revise draft legislation before sending it to the Standing Committee or the full Congress for action. Like the State Council, the NPC has a Party organization embedded within it. The NPC’s chairman serves on the Politburo Standing Committee and is currently the Party’s number-two ranked official. NPC deputies are not directly elected. The Communist Party draws up lists of nominees, based in part on potential nominees’ perceived loyalty to the Party. Thirty-five electoral units, most of them provincial-level People’s Congresses, then vote upon the Party’s nominees. The process is modestly competitive in that the Party nominates 20% to 50% more candidates than available positions and those with the most votes are elected to serve as NPC deputies. NPC election rules stipulate quotas for the representation of ethnic minority groups, the military, women, and other groups, including the Party itself. Because China rejects any separation of powers, the President, Premier, and other top leaders are all NPC deputies. 49 Deputies serve for five-year terms. The NPC is the uppermost layer of a nation-wide system of People’s Congresses. These congresses are loosely linked together in process and function. Only deputies for the lowest level of People’s Congresses are directly elected. Traditionally, even at the lowest level, candidate lists are controlled by the Party, and elections are uncontested. Since 2011, however, China has seen a wave of independent candidates contesting elections for People’s Congresses in city districts and townships. Most such candidates have faced forms of official harassment, including intrusive surveillance, extra-legal detention, intimidation of their supporters, and election irregularities designed to keep them from appearing on ballots, but some have succeeded in being elected to office. Corruption Corruption in China is widespread and takes many forms, from lavish gifts and expensive meals bestowed on officials by those seeking favors, to bribes explicitly offered in exchange for permits and approvals, to embezzlement of state funds, exemption of friends and relatives from enforcement of laws and regulations, and the appointment of relatives to lucrative jobs in stateowned companies. A 2011 report released by China’s Central Bank estimated that from the mid- 1990s to 2008, corrupt officials who fled overseas took with them $120 billion in stolen funds.28 The CCP uses its Central Discipline Inspection Commission (CDIC) to police its own ranks for corruption, an arrangement fraught with conflicts of interest. As noted above, the Party metes out its own punishments for wrongdoing by its members, and has sole discretion about whether to hand members over to the state judiciary for investigation and possible prosecution. (See â€Å"Weak Rule of Law and Ineffective Policy Implementation and Enforcement.†) Critics charge that CDIC investigations are frequently politically motivated, even if they uncover real wrongdoing. Officials who keep on the right side of their superiors and colleagues may engage in large-scale corruption, while other officials may be investigated for lesser infractions because they have fallen afoul of powerful officials.

All the Kings Men :: essays research papers

The entire King’s Men   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All the King’s Men, written by Robert Penn Warren, is set deep in the south during the 1930’s. This is a story of the rise and fall of a political titan. Willie Stark comes from poverty to become the governor of his state. He forces his enemies into submission by blackmails, repeated threats, and bullies them. He creates a series of liberal reforms that lay heavy tax burdens on the rich and lifts the money issue off of the poor farmers. His foil character Sam MacMurfee persistently searches for way to ruin the career of Willie Starks. Sam MacMurfee has thugs and powerful political allies deep in his pockets. The two characters remind the reader of corrupt figures in politics such as the famous Boss Tweed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willie Stark’s right-hand man is Jack Burden. He left his eloquent and polite family to work with Willie. Jack is an extremely intelligent historical researcher that uses his abilities to dig up dirt on Willie’s enemies. Willie uses the secrets to blackmail his enemies into his submission. Often corrupt political figures indirectly pay off other individuals to do the â€Å"dirty work† and blackmail their enemies. Although Willie Starks may have been acting corruptly for a good purpose it was still illegal and wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willie asks Jack to search for secrets on a father figure from his child hood. Judge Irwin was a father figure in Jack’s life as a child. In this situation, Jack’s motivation and responsibility to himself is questioned. Jack discovers that Judge Irwin accepted a bribe and Governor Stanton covers the bribe up. The blackmail influences the suicide of Judge Irwin, makes Adam Stanton accept the position as head of the hospital that Willie is building, and Anne Stanton begins an affair with Willlie. Adam murders Willie when he finds out about Willie and Anne. This horrific event lead to Jack’s retiring from politics forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death of Willie Starks and the circumstances force Jack to rethink the way he thinks. He rethinks a belief that no one can ever be responsible for the evil actions of another individual over time. In a way Jack feels responsible for Willie’s death. Jack eventually marries Anne Stanton and he feels orthodox about his decision to marry her. Jack restarts his long lost hobby of working on a book about Cass Mastern.

Franciscan Values :: essays research papers

For the last few years, I have been going through life trying to figure out what my purpose is. My drive for life had been lost, and I needed spiritual guidance. As I reflected on the past, it brought a feeling of emptiness within. By stepping back and allowing the Lord to lead me, my life finally had purpose, a direction and set values. These values came second nature to breathing, however I never viewed them as things I had to do. They were things I enjoyed doing. The Franciscan Values that are most important to me are Showing compassion for others by serving and caring for the poor and oppressed. Having concern for justice issues is another that is big on my list, because I believe in American. Taking responsible social action plays a big part in my core system do to the fact that, the Lord has lead me to do something greater and not just sit back and complain. Offering unselfish service is the cornerstone to my existence because I believe in offering my services to people regard less of the circumstances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Showing compassion for others by serving and caring ro the poor and oppressed is in my spirit. The Lord has taught me not to pass judgement on anyone. By being one of God’s servant’s, that leaves little room for being judgmental. One can never determine what happened in a persons life that brought them to the point of being poor or oppressed. A divorce, a death in the family or a lost of a job could have been the deciding factor in keeping or losing their home. Regardless of the circumstances it sends a feeling of calmness over me when I do the works I’m called to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being in control is something we long for in life however, justice issues are a big concern in the world in which we live and that is something we have no control over. I respect the President of the United States, and I respect our country. Remaining safe is what I want the future to bring. Prayer has become apart of my total existence. Opposition of the wars is something that eats away at my soul. Much respect is given to the soldiers that are getting killed and severely injured in order to protect our country. Claiming to have all the answers is not what I’m doing.

Fraud and Highest Embezzlement Case

Embezzlement: Attempting to Find the Easy Way Out Name School Envy and greed has existed since the beginning of time. Maybe we are born with those traits or maybe we are taught through life’s lessons. The rich are perceived as having a carefree un-stress-filled life. The reality shows and news stories of the wealthy buying yachts, taking lavish vacations with their Barbie doll mate, summer homes that are actually castles and extravagant parties. The rest of the world seems to be the servants of the wealthy. How can society not be envious or greedy to obtain what the few have in their life?Part of society is happy with their position in life; just being able to pay the bills, and take care of their family is what drives them. However, the other part of society wonder, â€Å"How have some individuals been gifted with monetary wealth? †, and their resentment builds. The â€Å"Get Rich† schemes are created. The individuals trying to make the quick buck will pressure their friends and family into buying the Mary Kay, Tupperware, or lending money to place bets on Sport games or a gambling weekend at the casino. All this under the assumption that they will make a great deal of money, and earn the respect of the wealthy elite.The most well know form of money schemes is embezzlement. An understanding definition of embezzlement comes from Global Legal Resources; it states: Embezzlement is a criminal offense which involves the fraudulent and secret misappropriation of money or assets by an agent to who the property has been entrusted. This occurs when a person obtains possession of the goods or money in legal, proper manner, but then appropriates them for his/her use without the rightful owner’s permission. Six (6) cases of embezzlement stand out in Modern day History.The first case is about Yasuyoshi Kato in 1997 who managed to steal $132 million from Day-Lee Foods, Inc. of Santa Fe Springs, California. At the time, Yasuyoshi was the Chief Fin ancial Offer of Day-Lee Foods. He managed to keep the game up for six (6) years by fraud and forged checks. Yasuyoshi, a Japanese citizen, wrote checks to himself and his wife, from the various companies’ accounts over the six (6) years. He even was so arrogant that he took out bank loans under the company’s name and manipulated the accounting books to cover the theft. Yasuyoshi bought umerous luxury homes, a citrus ranch, premium vehicles, unstable business ventures that failed, jewelry and extraordinary animals. He blamed his wife in court on the reasoning on why he performed the embezzlement. Stating she was always unsatisfied. Yasuyoshi was even so ignorant that when he was asked where the money was coming from, he stated he was a secret inventor of Nintendo. In 1997, Yasuyoshi Kato plead guilty to six felony counts. They ranged from mail fraud (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 1341) to wire fraud (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 1343).In the end, he was sentenced to 63 mon ths in a federal state prison and an additional five years of probation. This was the maximum sentencing at this time. (Marquet, 2010) The second largest case of embezzlement was Gilbert Beesmyer of Guarantee Building & Loan Association of Hollywood, California. He was found guilty in December of 1930 (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 981), and length of the fraud is unknown but assumed to be less than one year. Beesemyer was able to steal the equivalent of $100 million in 2010 dollars using his position within the company as the founder, general secretary and manager.The Guarantee Building and Loan Association went broke because of Beesemyer’s actions. He stole the money in form of overdraft penalties, and repeatedly stated he planned to repay the money. Even though he was sentenced to 10 to 100 years to the San Quentin prison, he was released under parole in 1940. The community that had invested in Beesemyer’s bank was destroyed. Businesses failed, 2,500 families went bro ke, individuals went to asylums and thirty committed suicide. In the end, Beesemyer was able to live his life out to the fullest at age 97 in Baltimore Maryland. Marquet, 2010) Ricardo Carrasco, a Uruguayan national, was able to embezzle $97. 7 million from the BankBoston Corp located in Boston Massachusetts. As the same as the Beesemyer’s case, officials were unable to determine the length of the fraud. He was uncovered in 1998 at the age of 41. Yet, Carrasco suspected that the bank officials finally caught on to him, so he went into hiding. Carrasco started his association with the BankBoston Corp in 1977 at the Uruguayan branch. In 1998, the bank transferred him the Boston location. Carrasco executed fraudulent loans to an Oldemar Laborda in Argentina.Oldemar Laborda has been known for having a highly suspicious past. The FDIC ordered Carrasco to repay $73 million. The bank wrote off $66 million and even offered a $10,000 reward for information leading to his arrest. But t o this day, he remains a fugitive. (Marquet, 2010) The Chief Operating Officer of Tenens Corp. , dba Essex Street Associates of Beverly Massachusetts embezzled for seven years the amount of $72. 3 million. John Doorly started with the company as a clerk, and with hard work, was able to rise to the CFO position. The clients trusted him, the company trusted him.In the seven years, he transferred assets from the clients trust accounts to his own personal accounts. Doorly established personal credit cards that the company unknowing paid for. He even overcharged clients in the excess of $61 million for his services and so-called expenses on over-seeing their accounts. Doorly spent the money on gifts for his wife and mistress, and apartment for his son, vehicles, travel, airplanes and numerous failed business ventures. He forged the statements that were mailed to the clients, and even went as far as to deceive the outside auditors.Doorly’s new assistant, Kim Borans, was the one who found irregularities in the accounts. She immediately went to one of the officers of Tenens Corp to report her findings and suspicion of embezzlement. Doorly was fired and a forensic internal audit was conducted of his accounts. On March 201, Doorly was sentenced to 17-1/2 years to a federal prison. (Marquet, 2010) The fifth highest embezzlement case is Ausuf Umar Siddiqui, the vice president of Merchandising and Operations of Fry’s Electronics located in San Jose, California. He pled guilty of vendor fraud and kickbacks in the theft of $69 million.The scheme began in January 2005 and ended when he was finally caught in November 2008. Siddiqui had a base salary of $225,000 a year and was the supervisor of 120 employees in purchasing department. His department was responsible for purchasing merchandise on all Fry’s 34 locations. Siddiqui even went as far is to set-up a dummy vendor where he could embezzle the money. He stole the money to satisfy his gambling habit and the need to live the high life. At the time Siddiqui was caught he was being sued by three casinos, Planet Hollywood, Palms Casino and Trump Taj Mahal, for outstanding debt on gambling.Venetian Resort and Casino in Las Vegas reported that he gambled $17. 9 million dollars with them alone. An investigation showed that his gambling debt over a ten-year period is approximately $167 million. (Marquet, 2010) A case the hits close to home is the Koss Corporation. Sjuata Sachdeva was the Chief Financial Officer of Koss Corporation located in Milwaukee Wisconsin. She began her career with the company as a temporary worker, and within one year was promoted to vice president of finance. Over a span of twelve years, Sachdeva was able to embezzle $40. million by fraudulent funds transfers. She approved at least 204 wire transfers of funds from the company bank accounts to her personal American Express credit card. Also, Sachdeva issued more than 500 cashier’s checks from the company†™s accounts to pay for personal lavish expenses. On top of this, she informed other Koss employees to make fraudulent entries into the company’s books to conceal her theft. The theft was only caught after American Express notified Koss of unusally high volume of large transactions.Sachdeva used her illegally obtained money for a vacation home in Hawaii, a new Mercedes Benz, luxury travel, furs, designer shoes, art and jewelry. She had purchased some many items that she had two storage containers rented in Milwaukee. During the investigation, some luxury stores come forward stating that she had purchased items ans asked the store to hold the item for her until she came and picked it up. However, she never showed up. Sachdeva even had enough nerve to hold various fundraisers to flaunt her wealth in hopes of joining the socialate circle of Milwaukee.The Board of Trustees of Cardinal Stritch University was so impressed with her that she was offered a position to sit on their bo ard. To cover her theft, Sachdeva informed her friends that her husband, a pediatrician, made a couple million a year, and she made only half a million and they both came from wealthy Indian families. On Sachdeva’s sentencing day she made a statement of, â€Å"I stand before you today truly remorseful. You have been my family, my friends, and my co-workers for many years. I know you have been deeply hurt by my dishonesty in ways that I never intended. For eleven years she will sit in prison for her greed and envy. (Marquet, 2010) In every case examined, the US Code that has been violated is Chapter 31: Embezzlement and theft. Twenty-nine Sections of the Code have been created to cover every type of theft from public money, property or records to major theft of livestock. The state sentencing of embezzlement ranges anywhere from 45 months for felonies, six months for misdemeanors or 38 months of probation and including repayment of money and fines.The sentencing is determined by the monetary amount that is stolen. (US Code) The Federal Government oversees accusations of embezzlement for public agencies, banks, US courts, credit agencies and any program that received money from the Federal Government. Yet, Federal punishment is anywhere between two years to 30 years in prison. However, if the dollar amount of the embezzlement is less than $1000, then the sentence will be less than one year with a fine of only $1000. (Embezzlement Cases) People always are caught when it comes to greed and envy.The embezzler’s keep stealing thinking they are good enough to keep getting away with it, or maybe it is the lavish lifestyle that blinds them to the consequences. Why are the not happy with the large amount of salary that they receive as income from their careers? It is always more and more until they sit behind metal bars with nothing but a prison issued jumpsuit and a boyfriend named ‘Butch’. References Country. (n. d. ). Embezzlement Law. Law yers, Attorneys, Law Firms A– Find Legal Information. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. g. org/embezzlement. html Embezzlement Cases. (n. d. ). Defending your rights in the criminal justice system. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. defending. com/embezzlement-cases Marquet, C. (n. d. ). The Top 10 Embezzlement Cases in Modern US History. Marquet International. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from www. marquetinternational. com/pdf/top_10_embezzlement_cases_in_us_history. pdf US Code – Chapter 31: Embezzlement and theft. (n. d. ). US Code. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://codes. lp. findlaw. com/uscode/18/I/31

HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITIC essays

HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITIC essays HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITICAL DOMINANCE BY 1929 By 1929, Stalin had attained total political dominance in the Communist party and this was due to a variety of factors caused by the death of Lenin and the leadership struggle that followed it. A major factor was Trotsky and his failures. Trotsky was the most able member of the communist party to take over leadership after Lenin's death. However, he was disliked in the party due in part to his strengths. Trotsky was seen as a Napoleonic potential dictator as he had much in common with Napoleon, he was clever, organised and very much apeople person?. He was a prominent diplomat and was the charismatic leader who had brought the Bolsheviks victory in the civil war. However, he was also unpredictable, arrogant and strong willed something the leaders did not like, as they would then have little influence over him if he became leader. He was also the leader of the Red Army, the much loved and respected military group who were under his direct control as Commissar for War. He was feared by political leaders as someone who would use his army to take control and so the prominent leaders chose someone who they felt could beguided? easier. Trotsky had rejected Bolshevism in the earl y years of the party and only joined when it was likely that the Bolsheviks would take control. He was seen as not having been a servant of the communist belief, leading to mistrust as to whether he was a true communist and whether he would keep to communist beliefs or whether he would set himself up as a dictator with absolute power. These reasons meant that three of the most influential members of the Politburo: Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. This troika was the single most powerful group and allowed Stalin, the leader, to denounce his main contender and set himself up as a potential leader. Stalin was seen by the politburo as a good successor to Lenin as he was seen as weaker then Trotsky and so more able to b...

You Know Youve Been in College Too Long When...

You Know Youve Been in College Too Long When... You Know Youve Been in College Too Long When For all juniors and seniors out there Let us know what youd add to this list! You get a Christmas card from the local burger joint. Oh man. If you are getting enough takeaways to get a greetings card, you really need to learn to cook! You know the  names of more characters on Orange is the New Black  than the professors on your course. Hmmm time to switch off the TV and get some studying done? You eat cereal for lunch and dinner several times a week. Yeah, I know its hard to eat properly- but try learning how to make a few  simple dishes You regularly see the sun come up at the end of a night out. One day you might get to see the dawn at the beginning of your day, rather than at the end! Your mealtimes are midday, 4pm and 10pm. Hey, whatever as long as you eat regularly! You cant believe how young the freshmen look. Seriously, are these kids even allowed to be out on their own? Your closet is full of fancy dress and your daily uniform is your pajamas. Party, sleep, chill out. Its a full life when youre at college! Your fridge has more mold in it than food. Gross. Clean it out. Now. Your weekend starts  Thursday and ends  Monday night. Enjoy it while it lasts!

Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essays

Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essays Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essay Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essay Essay Topic: Poetry Both Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed are protesting against issues of discrimination between different classes of society and different races. In Two Scavengers Ferlinghetti is protesting against the inequalities within a democracy, and how its not democratic but more ruled by class. In Nothings Changed we are shown Africa when the apartheid law was still in place and a protest about the way black people are treated there. The imagery used by both poets highlights there protests against the unfairness of society. Two Scavengers is set in San Francisco which is meant to be a democratic society however there is a small gulf in the high seas of this democracy. The use of this metaphor emphasizes how society is still ruled by class. Ferlinghetti says the gulf is small which indicates it should be easy to cross the over to a democratic society. However, paired with the high seas, it becomes hard to cross. It is dangerous to try and break out of the different classes and it is easier and almost safer to remain in the same kind of society. The use of the word democracy is sarcastic, there shouldnt be a gulf in a democracy, especially in a place like San Francisco that should keep everyone equal. Similarly there is an invisible divide in apartheid Africa, shown in Nothings Changed, where although No sign says it is they still know where they belong. Apartheid is over when the poem had been written, however, like in Two Scavengers there is still inequality between the two classes of people. The white people still believe that the black people dont belong there. It highlights the invisible divide between the two cultures. It is meant to be equal now however the black people realize that the white people dont want them and know where they belong. Afrika uses himself in first person to speak for the whole group using the word we. Hes speaking up for the black people and although they are angry at is they accept it. Even though its not a law anymore and there is no sign the divide between them is great. Furthermore Ferlinghetti uses a simile to compare one of the garbage men to a gargoyle Quasimodo. Quasimodo was an ugly character but had a very good heart. This shows that although today society is mostly ruled by appearances, inside some people there can be kindness and compassion. A gargoyle is used to scare away evil in churches. It shows that the man protects the city by keeping it clean. He may seem insignificant and Quasimodo like, but without him the cool couple wouldnt be living in a clean city. Likewise Afrika may be suggesting that the black people are like purple flowering, amiable weeds. Weeds always come back, and can only be removed by properly digging up the roots. This suggests that the black people have roots in Africa and refuse to be taken away. Since the weeds are amiable it suggests they are friendly. The juxtaposition of calling weeds amiable highlights that appearances can be deceiving and although the black people may be trodden on they will still come back stronger each time. In both poems, Ferlinghetti and Afrika use the materials plastic and linen to accentuate the difference between rich and poor. It again shows that although there should be no difference because of race and class it still exists. In Two Scavengers the garbage men are wearing red plastic blazers as opposed to the linen suit the man in the Mercedes is wearing. This links to Nothings Changed where the poorer working mans cafi has a plastic tables top, whereas in the white peoples cafi linen falls off the table. Plastic is a cheap material that is considered unattractive. However it is very hard to tear and break which shows that although society and race considers them to be poorer than everyone else, they are stronger than others. Linen is more associated with richer, well off people. It is malleable and can be shaped into almost anything. This suggests that the richer, higher people in society do what they can to fit in. They change themselves to fit what society demands. In both poems it shows that the richer people have a lot of linen, more than what they need. The man has a three-piece linen suit and in the cafi in Nothings changed excess linen falls from the table. This shows that although its not needed the well off people need to show that they can afford it, and that they are better off than other people. The poets both structure the poems in different ways to get through there protest against inequality in there society. Ferlinghetti has no punctuation throughout the poem except for the comma in the title. The comma could stress the separation between rich and poor and how different they are. The lack of punctuation could show that the cycle is never-ending, and even though the democracy is there it is not enforced and therefore will always dictate how society is. The poem is also laid out in a fragmented way suggesting the broken nature of society. The haphazard lines could also illustrate how fragile democracy is, and how easily it could collapse. With the last word of the poem being democracy it could also suggest that society is built on democracy yet along the way things have changed causing it to become easily collapsible. The lines also overlap but never touch which shows the social divide between both rich and poor. In Nothings Changed the title and the last line of the poem are the same. Throughout the poem Afrika is describing the way that although the apartheid law is no longer in place it still dictates the way society is run, showing that at the beginning of the poem nothings changed and then at the end still nothings changed. By using it as the title and the ending line of the poem it provides a visual image for the reader showing that things are still the same. Also in the middle of the poem there is the two line stanza, No sign says it is: but we know where we belong. It is almost separate from the rest of the poem which draws the readers attention to it. It could be that this is Afrikas main point of the poem so he deliberately draws our attention to it. Both poems show the injustice in the society they live in, and how although the divide was abolished it is still there, invisible but prominent. In Two Scavengers the only thing separating the cool couple from the garbage men is the jobs they do. Both the man in the Mercedes and the young garbageman wear sunglasses, are about the same age and have long, shoulder-length hair. They are both similar yet because of social class the garbage man is considered ugly. This makes us consider the fact that they arent interchangeable. One of them has money and the other doesnt and although that is only a little detail, in a society ruled by class is become a big one. In Nothings Changed the amiable weeds are being outgrown by the Port Jackson trees. They are both plants yet because the trees are better looking, and considered less troublesome they become better than the weeds, indicating the white people are better than the black people.

This is history...this is history on drugs Essay

This is history...this is history on drugs - Essay Example It is also a contributor to the economy. Historical sites and archeology have attracted tourist and thus pumping cash into the country’s economy. History has boosted scientific growth since it is from the past that advancements are made to better human life. It is from history that a country is able to know is origin and independence. How the country evolved and split into its various states. Nowadays in school, history is an uphill task and most students do not like it. The students have the mentality that the course is very wide and difficult. Loewen records that current history analysis focuses more on the good and pays little attention to the wrong. He quotes President Wilson to whom many students attribute women suffrage. Though this is true, President Wilson led the country to war during Palmers raid. He says more harm took place when Wilson secretly funded the invasion of Russia thus controlling the security of the state. Wilson linked with Japanese invasion to invade Vladivostok and set up an anticommunist government while maintaining the war fronts. Loewen says,’ no one of the twelve American history textbooks in my original sample ever mentioned it.’ He compares American history books to Russian books and concludes that the latter are more descriptive in their approach. In the past, Wilson also wanted to build links and promote boarder security wi th neighboring Latin countries. The idea was noble and favored both countries to grow economically and have a larger security backing. Current books however shy from showing the wrongdoing of Wilson. It was through this that the invasion occurred. American books try to make individuals to seem like heroes. It is through this that most books shy away from documenting the outcome of the 1920 election (Loewen 17). Idolizing individuals led to the development of new terminologies owing to their acts. Christopher Columbus voyages are said to be the cause of

United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

United Nations - Essay Example The organization’s headquarter is located at Manhattan, New York with main offices in Nairobi, Geneva and Vienna. Member states voluntary provides financial support by donating to the organization to keep the operation of the organization moving. The objectives of UN include provision of human aid to victims of natural disaster, famine, and armed conflict. UN also plays the roles of protecting the environment, promoting human rights, maintained of peace and order, and fostering economic and social developments to the member countries (Meisler 12). The structure of the United Nations is based in five different organs which include Security Council, General Assembly, The Secretariat, Economic and Social Council and International Court of Justice. One of the organs (Trusteeship council) was suspended in 1994. A part from International Court of Justice located at Hague other four organs are located at the headquarters in New York. Other agencies of the organization are located in Nairobi, Vienna and Geneva. The five organs play different roles in making sure that UN fulfils and achieves his missions and objective. The secretariat is chaired by the Secretary General who is elected to serve a period of five years. The Secretariat provides support to other bodies administratively. International Court of Justice is the organ responsible for solving disputes between states, issuing legal opinions and rendering judgments. The General Assembly decides the enlistment and admission of new members and resolves non compulsory recommendation s in different countries. The Security Council is responsible for ensuring safety by maintaining world security and peace. The economic and social council creates cooperation bonds between different countries in respect to social and economic issues (Conforti 34). The organization was established in 1945, and since then the membership has expanded. On formation, 77 countries joined and stipulate the policies. The organization started

English Lexicon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Lexicon - Essay Example Since the middle of the 20th century it has been primarily thought of as a diminutive of Jennifer."1 Jane is the This name has many forms, and as such has many meanings within the English lexicon. A jenny is defined, by Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, as either one of three things, the first two being derived from 1600 from the name Jenny: 1) a female bird, as in a jenny wren; 2) a female donkey; or 3) a spinning jenny, "an early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton" (ca. 1783, derived from Jenny, a nickname for Jane).3 Jen is, in Chinese philosophy, "a compassionate love for humanity or for the world as a whole."4 There are multiple dictionary entries, however, for the word jane, which is based on the namesake Jane. One dictionary says that jane is slang for "a girl or a woman."5 The Free Dictionary claims that the word jane is a "coin of Genoa" or "any small coin"; also, a jane could be a "kind of twilled cotton cloth."6 There are other variations on the name Jane and usages of the name Jane. The name Jane Doe has become a part of the English lexicon in order to describe "an average or ordinary woman" or it can be "[u]sed as a name in legal proceedings to designate an unknown or unidentified woman or girl."7 Jane Doe was just a generic name, but it has taken a very popular turn in recent times, becoming part of the vocabulary of the general public. Mary Jane is slang for marijuana.8 Supposedly that name is associated with marijuana because you have Mary associated with mari- and Jane associated with -juana. That's understandable. Also adopted into the English lexicon by way of the name Jane is the term plain-Jane, which means "[l]acking adornment or pretension; basic or simple."9 The name Jean is also commonly used, which is feminine, and "Medieval English variant of JehanneIt was common in England and Scotland during the Middle Ages, but eventually became rare in England. It was reintroduced to the English-speaking world from Scotland in the 19th century."10 The word jean, of course, has been introduced into the English lexicon, and has two meanings, according to the Free Dictionary. A jean can be either a "heavy, strong, twilled cotton, used in making uniforms and work clothes" or plural jeans, "[p]ants made of jean, denim, or another durable fabric."11 Secondly, what will be discussed is boys' names, or masculine names, which have been adapted into the lexicon. First we will begin by analyzing the name Peter. The name Peter is "[d]erived from the Greek (Petros) meaning 'stone'. This is a translation used in most versions of the New Testament of the name Cephas, meaning 'stone' in Aramaic, which was given to the apostle Simon by Jesus (compare Matthew 16:18 and John 1:42). Simon Peter was the most

History - Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example The author notes that in order to mobilize an insurrection against absolutist governments during the eighteenth century French revolution, it was necessary to enlighten minds ceaselessly, through a newspaper that would spread in all directions. The author imagined that French easily achieve the project of spreading great political principles if the intrepid friends, enlightened by liberty, could unite, communicate their ideas to each other, and compose their works some place where they could print them and distribute them throughout the world. Printing and publishing were thus not only the most important cultural mechanisms for spreading the enlightenment ideas; printing and publishing were the embodiment of enlightenment in action; the medium was the message – spreading light. The author further notes that throughout the eighteenth century, printing became the most prevalent means of communication. Gradually limitations from governments and church among other authorities fade d off, as more entities that are private begun operating businesses to cater for the rising demand of written materials. Commercialization of the printing business created new concerns about authorship and enhanced the process of enlightenment by far. In his book ‘enlightenment: Britain and the creation of the modern world’, Roy Potter explores the issue of enlightenment in respect to innovations and changes in scientific, social, political and pysio-theological discourse. According to his evaluation, enlightenment is the core thing in propagating these changes that bolster innovations to higher levels. Political and socio-economic well-being moves to newer fronts thanks to innovations motivated by enlightenment. Enlightenment thereby comes out as an avenue through which the society explores better livelihoods, equality and economic independence. Alan kors address the issue of enlightenment in the long-term, describing it as the third phase of modernization in Europe, t hrough giving a chronological account of events and moments defining enlightenment. Of great interest, is the way the author tackles issue of divergence and consensus in relation to enlightenment. The text analyses enlightenment in reference to religion, politics, science, social sciences, and imaginative literature. The emphasis here is on taunting for coexistence and harmony in diversity as a show of enlightenment. Adversary and hostility are among the negatives that enlightenment seeks to dispel from societies. Further, the author explores enlightenment in respect to public institutions and identities. Intellectual maturity of enlightenment coincided with the growth of activism and revolutions in Europe, a fact that promoted its legacy. Enlightenment comes out as a liberator for the communities that had for a long time remained in closed systems. In her text, Dorinda addresses enlightenment as a global phenomenon that preceded great social changes. Slavery and hustles for freedom are the new features of enlightenment that the author brings forth in this new edition. The fight for freedom and unceasing desire to end slavery globally take the centre stage, with the author drawing attention to how enlightening the masses induced a sense of entitlement to basic rights and freedoms. Norman Hampson argues that the dominant concern for enlightenment thinkers is amelioration, rather than root-and-branch reform, arguing that at best the

Workable methodology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workable methodology - Research Proposal Example After data collection, editing, coding of similar themes, classification and tabulation of the data will be essential for efficient analysis. Descriptive and inferential analysis will be employed to measure and determine the relationship that exists among the variables. The researcher will also observe on research ethics by ensuring that the anonymity of respondents will be observed (Gregory, 2003). Cross-sectional survey design is concerned with relationships that exist, options that are held, and the processes to be taken. In this regard, the current phenomena will be well articulated upon by this design. Arguably, the current situation of the trend of women offenders is alarming and needs to be looked at with caution. For example, the study will try to focus on variables that contribute to women offenders. Equally, the design will also hypothesis on the possibility of reducing recidivism for women offenders by adopting prelease and reentry programs. The cross section of respondents will be selected to represent women offenders and service providers from several correction centers under the Alabama Department of Corrections. The study will use random sampling method in a bid to select correction centers under the Alabama Department of Corrections and purposive sampling will be used to select appropriate respondents from both the current women offenders and former incarcerated women. In collecting data, the study will utilize questionnaires in obtaining information from officers in the correction centers. This is crucial in that it will help to obtain wide range of information from the correction staff, and within the shortest time (Bryman & Bell, 2003). On the side of obtaining information from current and former women offenders, the study will use interview guide to obtain information about their experiences during their time in prison. Validity and reliability of the

History - Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example The author notes that in order to mobilize an insurrection against absolutist governments during the eighteenth century French revolution, it was necessary to enlighten minds ceaselessly, through a newspaper that would spread in all directions. The author imagined that French easily achieve the project of spreading great political principles if the intrepid friends, enlightened by liberty, could unite, communicate their ideas to each other, and compose their works some place where they could print them and distribute them throughout the world. Printing and publishing were thus not only the most important cultural mechanisms for spreading the enlightenment ideas; printing and publishing were the embodiment of enlightenment in action; the medium was the message – spreading light. The author further notes that throughout the eighteenth century, printing became the most prevalent means of communication. Gradually limitations from governments and church among other authorities fade d off, as more entities that are private begun operating businesses to cater for the rising demand of written materials. Commercialization of the printing business created new concerns about authorship and enhanced the process of enlightenment by far. In his book ‘enlightenment: Britain and the creation of the modern world’, Roy Potter explores the issue of enlightenment in respect to innovations and changes in scientific, social, political and pysio-theological discourse. According to his evaluation, enlightenment is the core thing in propagating these changes that bolster innovations to higher levels. Political and socio-economic well-being moves to newer fronts thanks to innovations motivated by enlightenment. Enlightenment thereby comes out as an avenue through which the society explores better livelihoods, equality and economic independence. Alan kors address the issue of enlightenment in the long-term, describing it as the third phase of modernization in Europe, t hrough giving a chronological account of events and moments defining enlightenment. Of great interest, is the way the author tackles issue of divergence and consensus in relation to enlightenment. The text analyses enlightenment in reference to religion, politics, science, social sciences, and imaginative literature. The emphasis here is on taunting for coexistence and harmony in diversity as a show of enlightenment. Adversary and hostility are among the negatives that enlightenment seeks to dispel from societies. Further, the author explores enlightenment in respect to public institutions and identities. Intellectual maturity of enlightenment coincided with the growth of activism and revolutions in Europe, a fact that promoted its legacy. Enlightenment comes out as a liberator for the communities that had for a long time remained in closed systems. In her text, Dorinda addresses enlightenment as a global phenomenon that preceded great social changes. Slavery and hustles for freedom are the new features of enlightenment that the author brings forth in this new edition. The fight for freedom and unceasing desire to end slavery globally take the centre stage, with the author drawing attention to how enlightening the masses induced a sense of entitlement to basic rights and freedoms. Norman Hampson argues that the dominant concern for enlightenment thinkers is amelioration, rather than root-and-branch reform, arguing that at best the

World War II Through the 1970s Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War II Through the 1970s - Coursework Example Additionally, both led to significant developments in the American perspective like sympathy for the incoming president, as well as finding pride in their potent military. 2. The second World War was originally a European conflict. Americans were hesitant to become involved due to a variety of reasons that are discussed below, resulting in a high sense of tension when the country did enter formal battle after the Pearl Harbor attack (Schultz, 2009). The United States had become concerned with Japanese conquests of the Pacific during the war, and this attack proved to be the tipping point for an official American declaration and entry into WWII. Of course, this eventually led to the dropping of the first atomic bombs, and the cessation of fighting at a tremendous cost of human life. These events helped to establish the US as a freedom fighting, militarily dominant international force, and serve as a source of both pride and mourning in American culture. The clear racism displayed by t he Nazis pushed American standards away from assimilation and toward tolerance, laying the ground for civil rights movements. WWII also served as an important revitalization point for many national industries as massive amounts of resources became of use. This economic boon would continue to fuel the American society for decades. JFK was an extremely popular president, displaying charisma in public (Grubbs, 2013), along with a staunch political opposition to communism. This was an especially important quality given the events of the Cold War, and the symbolism that Kennedy represented (freedom, capitalism, etc.) was attuned to the emerging American mindset. JFK's time as president was not without incident, as the Bay of Pigs proved to be an especially embarrassing mark on his career, but his successes are much more apparent. Some of Kennedy's best work includes guiding the country through the Cuban Missile Crisis, and helping to grow the civil rights movement. In November of 1963, J ohn F. Kennedy was assassinated during a motorcade through Dallas, Texas. The event has become so salient in the American consciousness, that it has spawned countless conspiracy theories, pieces of art, popular culture references, and a country-wide awareness of the former president that has also spread among other countries. Kennedy was replaced by a starkly contrasting figure in Lyndon Johnson, changing the course of US politics to focus on the economy and education, but remaining influenced by JFK's legacy. 3. As wars raged in the late 1930s, the United States sought to remain uninvolved in military affairs. The government was concerned with the aggressive actions like Germany, Italy, and Japan, but did not feel it was wise to risk the losses associated with armed combat that were still fresh in the mind from WWI and instead imposed harsh embargoes where appropriate. The depression had pushed the country towards isolation, and they sought to remain this way as economic rebuilding continued. Darker reasons for staying out of the war included a misguided American respect for Hitler, who had pulled Germany out of their own depression, and the uncertainty of public opinion about antisemitism. 4. Victory in WWII would not have been possible without the efforts of American women. The vast number of men called to war left an equally large shortage in the national worker population. Women soon filled these positions as the government campaigned to sway employer attitudes toward hiring female workers, and women became determined to contribute (Capshew & Laszlo, 2010). The domestic economy

The Role of Multinational Corporations Essay Example for Free

The Role of Multinational Corporations Essay Abstract Literature and discourse relating to Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and human rights is ubiquitous with theoretical contestation on the merits and demerits of the potential harmonious existence of the two. Some argue that by virtue of the consequential results of their business operations, MNC’s have the potential to alleviate human suffering. For others, they are the cause of it. Advocates of both perspectives draw on a mixture of factual experiences and theoretical propositions to substantiate their positions. Empirical analysis is often used to differing degrees, and with differing levels of success, to further authenticate these dichotomised positions. Diverging standpoints, when empirically endorsed, however, ensure that no coherent theory can be extrapolated and applied to specific location and circumstance. With competing views, respectively backed up by statistical data, no overarching determination can be made as to the potential effects of the economic operations of these entities. It is suggested therefore that the trajectory of discourse should be altered so as to assess this relationship from a business perspective first, and a human rights perspective second. That is, in altering positional focus to whether or not human rights is good for business, theoretical suggestions may be legitimately substantiated in the absence of unequivocal empirical data by assessing the extent to which MNCs are in fact likely to respect human rights. Introduction In 1996 William Meyer’s work, which supported theories that MNCs have an overall beneficial impact on both first and second generation rights in developing countries, appeared in Human Rights Quarterly. Using Data from Freedom House and the Commerce Department, and while acknowledging that MNCs have at times had a detrimental effect on human rights, Meyer argued that civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights, correlate positively with Direct Foreign Investment (DFI). In  contradistinction to Meyers claims, however, and using data from Amnesty International, the State Department and the World Bank, Smith et al. responded that MNC’s have in fact a negative impact on human rights. Both positions derive from a determination to substantiate theoretical claims relating to diverging positions on, not only existing relationships, but equally of the potential results of that mutual existence. Both constitute therefore, empirical evidence on previously enunciated theoretical claims relating to the relationship of business and human rights generally. The intention of this paper is to alter positional focus on theoretical positions relating to the pros and cons of business for human rights, and subsequent empirical investigations, to a position which questions. Yet as Meyer, responding to Smith et al. concedes, ‘[n]either study can be used to support a claim that MNCs are always positive, or always negative, in relation to human rights’. This is largely a result of the fact that ‘[t]he fundamental problem with Meyer’s approach [or smith et al.s] is that †¦[they]†¦ cannot distinguish between MNCs that do, in fact, promote human rights and those which, in fact, do not. ’Therefore, when scholars such as Jack Donnelly assert that ‘[i]f business involvement is justified in part because it helps human rights, we can legitimately ask for concrete evidence of that help,’what is likely to surface is not in fact unequivocal evidence relating to the realities of this co-existence, but rather the selective inclusion of data which supports one’s particular position: Empiricism is in fact an illusion. Engines of Development Thesis [] [ 1 ]. Meyer, W.H. 1996. ‘Human Rights and MNCs: Theory Versus Quantitative Analysis’, Human Rights Quarterly 18(2), 368-397. [ 2 ]. Smith, J., Bolyard, M., and Ippolito, A. 1999. ‘Human Rights and the Global Economy: A Response to Meyer’, 21 Human Rights Quarterly 207. [ 3 ]. Meyer, W.H. 1999. ‘Confirming, Infirming, and ‘Falsifying’ Theories of Human Rights: Reflections on Smith, Bolyard, and Ippolito Through the Lens of Lakatos’,Human Rights Quarterly 21(1), 220-228. [ 4 ]. Winston, M.E. ‘Multinational Corporations and Human Rights’, Address at the Mobil Corporation World Affairs Meeting (6 June 1996) cited in Meyer note 25. [ 5 ]. Donnelly, J. International Human Rights (2nd ed. 1998).

Management Styles at Ford and Nissan

Management Styles at Ford and Nissan In this assignment I have highlighted different management styles of Automobile industries by considering their motivational and organizational Theory of management. I have explained some social factors and also the Impact of technology on management and leadership behavior. The first part of the assignment discuss the introduction of both companies .i.e. Ford and Nissan, their management behavior and impact of such behavior on business performance. Than motivational theories how it changes the behavior of company and last impact of technology on the performance, structure and layout of the companies. INTRODUCTION In todays competitive market managers have to perform various roles in the organization. Their handling of different situation depends on their management styles. In the motivational theory the top leadership and the executive management understands the active needs active for employees motivation and give the purpose for being motivated. Organizational theory, for a successful organization, focus on the establishment of coordination that how management and employees by strengthening themselves can achieve the common organizational goals PURPOSE OF ASSIGNMENT Everything is done for some definite motive; here we are making our assignment for a definite purpose. The completion and submission of this assignment is an integral part of Advance Diploma in Business Management from London Essex College. Through assignment students will familiarize with management practices and behavior role that they have to play during their professional careers The students not only acclimatize themselves to the corporate environment but also learn to assume responsibility, co-operation and teamwork the hallmarks of modern management and the most important we have to pass our module as well. APPROACH As for as approach is concerned here we applied the management thoughts and theories of our respective companies. We applied different academic models, academic research, class room notes, our personal experience, industry publication, means both primary and secondary research on automobile industry as s well as review and analysis of it. INTRODUCTION OF FORD AND NISSAN MOTORS FORD MOTOR The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational corporation based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It is the third largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sale in US after General Motors and Toyota. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. In addition to the Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury brands, Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK. Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover were sold to Tata Motors of India in March 2008. In 2010 Ford sold Volvo to Geely Automobile. Ford will discontinue the Mercury brand at the end of 2010. Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines. Henry Fords methods came to be known around the world as Fordism by 1914, he is also father of modern assembly line used in mass production NISSAN Nissan is a Japanese Car Company whose trade mark is Datsun. The head offices are in Japan. Nissan was used to be Japans second-Largest car company. It is an automotive, financial services and engineering industry. It produced automobile, out board motors and forklift trucks. About 176,000 employees are working at Nissan. In 1986, Nissan become the first Japanese automobile company which set the production plant in Europe at Sunderland. It is important to know the companys management philosophy, values, vision, goals, and social environment. The culture depicts the type of leadership .communication and groups dynamics within the organisatiion. Impact of Management Behavior and Organizational Culture of Ford Under the new management of Alan Mulally CEO of Ford motor company enhance overall companys performance . His management can be summed up in these points: Learn whats going on and how things work. Set goals based on good information. Communicate these goals to everyone involved. Create a process for communicating progress and results. Successful leadership hinges on such crucial skills as communication, collaboration and judgment. The CEO Alan Mulally endorsed these skills in an extraordinarily high-pressure environment. He changed Fords culture since he joined Ford and has fostered cooperation among divisions and regions that used to compete with each other for resources. Hes also modeled transparency, meeting regularly with employees and instituting a dashboard system that makes key metrics about sales and market share more visible and precise to the organization. Ford created a culture in which telling the truth, however painful it may be, gets rewarded. Every week Ford review their Business Plan with the higher management just top gather report on how well Ford meeting their targets and organisation goal. Impact on Business In 2010, Ford forecast a 2010 operating profit and posted $2.7 billion in net income for last year Ford recovered the benefits ,after three annual losses the full-year profit was Ford first after 2006. More importantly, Ford gained U.S. market share for the first year since 1995, with new models such as the revamped Taurus. The likes of GM and Chrysler, meanwhile, reorganized with federal aid. Fords profit and cash from operations have been improving with better pricing and cost savings. 6- MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF FORD MOTOR COMPANY Ford Motor Company requires all its employees to be an expert , which encourages specialization. Thus, Ford is a functional organization. Each employee reports to a functional manager. At the same time, they understand the importance of a focus on the final product. As a result, a matrix organization is created where each employee also reports to a chief engineer who represents the interests of the customer. Meetings are conducted every two days to coordinate the relations between chief engineers and functional managers. Fords structure also has other formal mechanisms facilitating communication among functions, such as module development teams, which are cross-functional teams that bring together product and production engineers. Through this structure, Ford strikes a balance between being highly traditional and bureaucratic while at the same time agile and innovative. Ford culture and structure constantly emphasis on learning and continuous improvement .All employees from different levels are expected to analyse the actual and standard performance and if there is any problem there, than understand the cause of all problems. A theoretical framework is made in respect with cause and effect relationship, means what factors causes that problems, how this problem can be solved, when this problem will solved and how long it take to solve that problem. Without such understanding, they believe, improvements are not likely. Their culture emphasizes rethinking of how things are done, and sayings such as never be satisfied and theres gotta be a better way are part of their daily life. For example, if a car comes down the assembly line with a defect, fixing the defect is not the priority. Instead, the emphasis is on understanding the cause of the defect so it is not repeated. In addition to facilitating learning at the individual and team levels, they take steps to make sure that what is learned is shared with the rest of the organization. This is achieved by putting implied knowledge into writing. Traditionally management structure was vertical where chain of command and ultimate decisions made by top management. Ford Company started the mass production with automotive tools in late1920 with standard products, special purpose machine, and standards task and efficient division of labour. The moving assembly line is the symbol of Fordism at Ford Company. Motivation techniques at Ford Motor Company New management of in 2006, turnaround plan that called for closing plants, cutting jobs and dropping some of its models. The said management removed obstacles, put new managers in place and forced feuding parts of the company to work together. Moreover the new management introduced cards printed out for every employee exhorting people to work together and accelerate development of new products Ford Motor Company uses a Positive Reinforcement Technique i.e. the ford employees are rewarded for the favorable behavior they perform according to the wishes of their manager. Impact of Management Behavior and Organizational Culture of NISSAN Nissan Company is very clear about its goals and objectives. The management of company does not believe on traditional but have their own knowledge and expertise and powerful flow of information that runs through divisions of business areas. Their strategy is simple, inspire effective performance and create value for the customers. The management regards individual vision, employee performance, commit action plans and same management practices are entrenched at every level of company. Workforce diversity is also important element, when people from different regions, cultures worked together definitely they share different thoughts but on the other way often healthy conflicts also aroused but the efficient management practice resolved that conflicts, results in operation within Nissan making the process active and direct so diverse workforce brings solutions and leads company towards new direction. Employees of Nissan share their thoughts and relationship with the employees based on mutual respect and trust. A new communication channel helps the employees to express the ideas in more effective manner. This is to somewhat the true culture of any progress company. Management Approach of Nissan Management approach of company is very good, employees are treated like the assets of the company, good friendly environment, and worker participation in decision making is the proof of that company is also practicing the impact of different management theories like Hawthorne studies where workers productivity tends upon human behavior. There is equal employment opportunity, workforce diversity, Global code of conduct within the organization, ANALYSIS OF FORD NISSAN STRUCTURE Companys Structure Company structure arrange people and job so that work can be performed for the success of any company as many writers pointed about the importance of organization structure and its relationship with company strategy, technology, environment and culture. Burns and Stalker (1961) concluded that if an organization is to achieve maximum performance than its structure must fit with or match the rate of change in its environments. Handy (1990-1993) has discussed the importance of culture in relation to organization design and structure. Organizations structure of Nissan Nissan Company has announced to introduce new organizational structure to guide Nissan. Employees and the top management understand the company structure and express their opinions easily. Traditional car company (FORD) has traditional hierarchical organizational structure that means each employees role within the organization and relationship of employees. Traditional company has narrow spans of control most important decision will be made by senior management. In the 20th century, company grows bigger and they have command and control of the organization due to the globalization and technology. Advantages of hierarchical structures All employees authority and responsibility will be defined. Specific managers and hierarchical environment motivate effectively. Employees will be loyal. Disadvantages of Hierarchical structures Company will be bureaucratic and respond slowly to changing customer needs. Horizontal communication will be poor. Usually departments make decisions so business decision will be slowly implemented. Companys culture of both organizations Culture is the sum of the beliefs and values that shape norms of behaviour and dictate the ways things get done. There are several continuums that help define an organizations culture. Is the organization driven by results and achievement, or relationships and people? Does the organization have an internal focus, or an external focus? Is the organization adaptive and flexible, or is it structured and stable?  [1]   Role of organizational culture plays in safety issues. It leads to innovation and strategic thinking. Leadership is also important cultures that every company can know that leadership affect culture. Leaders change or create culture. Cultural leadership apparently has some features in the car production companies where cultural leaders have multiple cultural leaders of the same time. All companies performance shows acceptable trade. These are traditional companies but they are growing business in the world. Organisational theories in management behaviour System theory I have chosen system theory to explain two of these companies. It was developed in 1950s and it was a biological system such as human being. It is most simple level and takes inputs. Basic Elements of a System Inputs Organization or Outputs Transformation system Feedback Boundaries and environment Objectivities and goals Organization as a system Systems theory views an organization as a complex set of dynamically intertwined and interconnected elements, including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback loops, and the environment. Any change in one element causes changes in other elements.  [2]   System theory helps to learn the company. Such as Maslows hierarchy needs. Creating doctrines of participation. Modern including of technology. Personal mastery. Mental models. Building shared vision. Team learning. Systems thinking A modern company as like Nissan should have followings characteristics. System view point Dynamic process Multi-motivated Multi-disciplinary Adaptive Probabilistic Descriptive The systems approach views organization as a system composed of interconnected and thus mutually dependent sub-systems. These sub-systems can have their own sub-sub-systems. A system can be perceived as composed of some components, functions and processes (Albrecht, 1983). Thus, the organization consists of the following three basic elements (Bakke, 1959 ):  [3]   Motivation in practice at two car companies Motivation is the most important factor which increases the performance and productivity of a company. Company implements many motivational activities such as rewards (salary, commission, and bonuses), treating the employees very well, taking an interest in the employees personal life, giving a chance to everyone at the company, building and teaching new skills and making the work interesting. Motivated workforce in Nissan is the greatest asset of the company; actually the performance of company reflects the attitudes, beliefs and passion of employees toward work. Company is motivating the employees but different ways both intrinsically and extrinsically. Promotion and empowerment are few examples, when people are empowered, their belongingness with company increased, result in increased in the productivity. Promotion is based on performance based not on seniority based system but in fact on performance based as well as there is compensation system for excellent performance of employees, this is good practice of corporate gurus of company MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES Research shows how we can motivate employees in a company. Many motivational theories and models could be employed to help to motivate the staff at any companies. Highly motivated people will give good results will in turn help to achieve the organization desire goals. Motivating staff in the car manufacturing industry is most important factor of running a business. Abraham Maslow developed a motivation theory of human needs in 1954. He mentioned that humans have a different variety of needs. Firstly, humans satisfy their basic needs then try to satisfy their other needs. A company should consider the needs of all its employees. Maslow noted five basic needs and ordered them in a hierarchy from higher to lower. Self Actualization Needs Esteem Needs Achievement Challenging Job Belongingness Needs Status Job Title Security Needs Friendship Friends in Group Physiological Needs Stability Pension Plan Sustenance Basic Salary Maslow Need Hierarchy One research study by James R. Lindner at Ohio University shows that factors which influence the motivation of employees at a company. These findings are interesting; work and good pay are influencing factors on employees at work. Further influential reward systems include job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, internal and external stipends, monetary and non monetary compensation. These should all be considered as they have been shown to motivate employees at work.  [4]  It means that an employees behavior will change as their needs are satisfied. According to the Maslow theory, an organization should design their system to motivate its people; pay will help to satisfy the basic need.  [5]   By applying the Taylor approach of scientific management we can apply the abovementioned theory, effective hiring, training, and compensation incentives, work achievements fulfilled the needs of workers. American Ford company used this technique in assembly line of production for more production and efficient utilization of resources. When worker are provided good working conditions, fresh air, than their basic need is fulfilled, but they cant be motivated until provided by security need and later on when their primary needs are fulfilled than they shift to other needs. In contrast with company .i.e. is also fulfilling the above mentioned theory as for as concern of employees. it is fulfilling their basic need by offering handsome salary packages, based on performance when appraisal is made employee moves to next stage. The X and Y theory was developed by Douglas McGregor in 1960. Theory X suggests that managers want to direct and control their employees. It argues that employees dont like work, so managers or supervisors should punish them for this. On the other hand, according to theory Y, employees are self motivated, like to do their work and wish to achieve the organizations goals.  [6]   These are some ideas to motivate people at two companies. (Nissan and Ford) Motivating through work design Motivating through participation Motivating through targets If these two companies do not motivate its employees, commonly, some problems will occur. Absenteeism Wasting time Gossip Bucking of the system Challenging of policy Bureaucracy. Recruitment and selection report of company is analyzed that how can it maintain and carried out the staff. Some factors are including recruiting the followings factors; The business growth Filling the vacancies by resignation or termination and retirement. Internal promotion Analysis of Social Factors As for as corporate social responsibilities both companies playing an important role in the society of UK. Nissan and Ford will invest  £2 billion of worth investment in production and R D of low carbon and electric car across the England and Wales. The motive of Nissan is environmental friendly and enriching people life. When the company analyses the social factors, we should consider the followings factors. In management behavior, Social factors also influence such as the groups to which the team be longs and social status. In a group or team, several persons interact to influence the decisions. Ford and Nissan companies should consider the social factors. PESTEL analysis will explain the social factors to make the decisions. They are: Sales are relationship driven Customer expectations Relationship management is industry demand. Life time customers Customers want solution to the problems. Global /multinational company. Cultural mind set Developing countries are different levels. Different levels of service. If Ford and Nissan implement the socialization (Group and team) very well, they will get following possible outcomes, such as Job satisfaction Role clarity High work motivation Understanding of culture and perceived control High job involvement Committed to organization Tenure High performance Internationalized values. Actions will be made to encourage ethical and social behavior. Be realistic in setting values and goals regarding employee relationships Encourage input from organization members regarding appropriate values and practices for implementing the culture Opt for a strong culture that encourages and rewards diversity and principled dissent Provide training on adopting and implementing the organizations values  [7]   Impact of Technology on management behavior and work force Many of the impacts of Information Technology are straightforward. But they are not necessarily obvious, nor are they trivial (Jack Nilles, Centre for Future Research)  [8]   IT impacts on Ford and Nissan companies performance and productivity. IT provides organizational and financial benefits for companies. It is changing to business landscape. All companies cultures and business strategies use IT. Business strategy collapsing time and distance, enabling electronic commerce. Organization Culture encouraging the free flow of information. Organization Structures making networking and virtual corporations a reality Management Processes providing support for complex decision making processes. Work dramatically changing the nature of professional and now managerial work. The workplace allowing work from home and on the move, as in telework .  [9]   With the technological development UK car industry is one the leading car industry as Ford, producing a third of its global engine requirement at two UK locations and Nissans Sunderland plant, which is set to be a European hub for battery and electric vehicle production. The combination of investment in British brands and investment in the countrys personnel and plants by foreign companies also brings significant benefits to the full breadth of the UK automotive industry KEY ISSUES The key issue of Nissan is to build the corporate image and foundation in highly competitive environment and is assuming earthquake (EQ) as the most critical catastrophe. While continuous innovation, customers expectations, changing mix, management of diverse workforce are key issues of Ford Company Some of the key issues are as follows. Global production and competition. Consumers spending patterns Emerging Markets Health Care and environmental issues. Foreign Exchange rates Conclusion The management styles can be different in different organization but these management styles should bring great achievement of the organizational goals. By adapting right style of management and leadership in an organization the facilitation of working leadership between various entities of the organization is possible. Thus by comparing the overall management behavior and the structure of the organization for both Ford and Nissan I totally agree that Ford is better than Nissan in all ways. As for as UK car industry is concerned, it is very different as it perceived in 1970`s because majority of British brands are now owned by non British motors group of foreign investors, on the other hand, Aston Martin, more recently owned by Ford. Governmental policies are one the reason of decline in the decline of automobile industry in UK, so government should encourage domestic production and reduce the tariff and taxes.

Essay --

1.0 Description on the selected organization: IKEA is one of the huge successful retailers in the world whereby has 280 stores in 26 countries by the year 2010 and had been visited by 580 million shoppers. IKEA has elegant designed products with low priced. IKEA’s sale has increased from 4.4 billion in 1994 to 23.5 billion in 2010. The author has attached the sales report in appendix 1 and 2. The founder was Ingvar Kamprad whereby he is still a dynamic advice-giver of IKEA despite his age reached 80. IKEA had influence worldwide market widely with a good strategic marketing tool. IKEA products are cheaper 30%-40% compare to other retailers. Besides that, Asian market convinced with their economical western product that has complete household products. In this chapter, the author had explained on the overall IKEA’s history. In the next chapter, had explained on four important macro elements followed by the macro elements effect towards the organization, and also given suggestions to manage the organization accordin g to the macro elements. Company Background Scott Allen (2014), stated Ingvar Kamprad formed IKEA in Sweden when he was 17 years old in year 1943. His company at first selling fish, christmas magazines, and seeds from the family farm then started selling matches whereby they bought 100 per lots and sold it individually by marking up the prices higher. Scott Allen (2014), stated the name IKEA means, I and K is Ingvar Kamprad initial, E is Elmtaryd which is family farmhouse and A is for Agunnaryd, the name of village where he came from that is located in Southern Sweden. Kamprad has also added ballpoint pens and sold them through mail order. His warehouse is small sheltered house located in their family farmhouse. He man... ...t and satisfactions. In addition, IKEA’s threats are poor understanding of cultural needs and demands. Economically, IKEA's growth had increased due to their low price furniture. The threats, are IKEA had failures to look into the quality of the product. Technologically, IKEA products able to standardized globally. Perhaps, to maintained IKEA's business they tried to stabilize their business with different angles such as stabilizing political status by maintaining good rapport and follow legalization rules all countries. IKEA has also use good method of approaching all the people and improve the performance of their services and products. Furthermore, the entrepreneurs good in assessing, planning and implementing accordingly in order to face any challenges. IKEA has able to accommodate the actual demand in the market towards new technology and younger generations.

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, tells one woman’s story of her attempt to awaken to her true wants and desires for her life. When Edna Pontellier spends the summer on Grand Isle, she begins to think beyond the role of wife and mother that she has played so far. She begins to think of herself as a separate person with independent thoughts and feelings. Her transformation is difficult and she has great trouble deciding what she really wants in life. Edna attempts to discard all of the traditional values of her life to find her independence. Confused by the new feelings these experiences bring, Edna’s awakening is a failure because she does not have the necessary skills to become independent. Despite her attempts to change and embrace a new life, Edna is defeated because of her weaknesses that are symbolized in her art, the water, and her relationships with men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first ways that Edna begins to find her inner self is through her painting. She definitely shows some talent as an artist and throws herself into this new self expression. She spends time painting rather than spending time with her husband, children and acquaintances from the past. Even as her artistic talents develop, art becomes a symbol of failure for Edna. Edna does learn to express herself and assert her self through her art. Even though Edna learns to live through her paintings, Madame Reize sees becoming an artist as a test. She believes that becoming an artist is a test of...

Travel Broadens the Mind

Travel broadens the mind Traveling broadens our minds in different ways. I had visited a different country for the first time when I was 8. My father lives in Norway with his American wife. I had already tasted the other side of life. I am only 15 and I know life is in front of me, but from my experience I know that traveling does change your point of view. How do you know? You might find yourself by traveling. Traveling does broaden our mind. We meet new people with new ideas .We find different architecture and religions. Other differences are the languages . The unknown languages are being a wall between us and the world. A wall that we break little by little every day being here in English class. Like we already said that travel broadens our mind. When we see how the other people survive we start thinking about our lives . We associate everything with our way of living . We started judging them for some things and being jealous for others.Every time when I travel I find something new, something different. But one thing will always be the same: when you travel you realize what are the most important things in your life. You start appreciating the little things in the big world. You discover that being rich is not to have money, cars or houses but to have friends and family to appreciate you. Whenever I get back from Norway, I am thinking differently. I see the bad and the good side of my country.I begin associating everything around me with the way they live in Norway. Travel broadens the mind, it shows us what are we missing and the important things in life. It does not really matter were you live or what launguage you are speaking, we are all people. We all have brains and bodys. We all have good and bad moments in our lives. Until you see something and get to know it better you can not judge it. Traveling broadens my mind. What about you? †¦

Basic Concepts of Effective Communication

Objectives: * Describe the nature of communication in science and technology; * Understand the meaningful process of communication; * Explain the components of communication; * Overcome their difficulties in communication; * Consider the most describable characteristics of an effective style for technical writing; and * Compare and contrast technical writing from nontechnical writing. The nature of Communication Communication comes from the Latin word con-meaning with, munus- meaning a business, communis meaning common, and commonico-to confer or to relate with one another.In layman’s language, communication emanates from the need to share ideas or information from one person to another by the use of symbols such as words, pictures, figures and graphs. Common Concepts about Communication Different authorities have common concepts about communication. Some of these are present hereunder. * Communication is a purposive activity which is prompted by need to express ideas, feeling s, attitude and course of action to attain a predetermined goal * Communication is the process of conveying and exchanging facts, ideas, and research results.Communication is a two-way process which entails a communicator and a receiver. * Communication is a continuing process which Is interactive. * Communication emerges in response to the different functions and contexts that it calls for. Be it oral or written, people communicate to ask and give information explain something, agree or argue with others, narrate or describe an event, report an accomplishment, and so forth. * Communication is needed when recent discoveries, inventions and developments in science and technology are to be disseminated.Its importance is also felt when pertinent information should be imparted through letters, reports and memoranda. People are by nature social beings. They have to interact to attain a common goal. In so doing, use of language to communicate their ideas, opinions and feelings is undeniab ly inevitable. In communication, the skillful use of language can readily influence the opinion beliefs, values and behaviors of the members of an organization. Particularly, the use of simple, concise and accurate language in giving instructions in a certain industry or firm can facilitate mutual understanding between and among employee and employers.Effective communication is one of the determiners of success in any organization. It is an essential instrument in implementing the goals and objectives of a company. It serves as a tool in decision- making , providing permanent record, information from top to bottom level of management, and the like. As such, it plays an important role in the operational efficiency of a form. Written communication, specification reports, could be considered as the prime mechanism by which technical men and businessmen transmit their messages to action. Likewise, jobs to be done in any firm or organization are formally requested through communication.F indings of researches are known through oral and written communication. Oral presentation of reports is usually done in top-level management meetings. Consider the following illustrations: * In the morning, the engineer listens to the weather bureau’s forecast for the day over the ratio. * For a panel discussion, the computer technician presents through Powerpoint each detail of the researcher’s report. * A Veterinary Medicine sophomore writes a research paper on â€Å"The Effects of Rabies on Humans†. Each of the abovementioned situations illustrates the call for communication.The individual, in each of the examples cited, enters the common, shared world of other human beings. Aside from oral and written communication, there are other means of communication like facial expressions, Gestures, nods, signal, marks on paper, electric data and others. However, the raw materials of language are the sounds made by the human voice and the written patterns that are form ed from with them. The Process of Communication The cycle of communication, according to Eugene White , can also be applied in oral communication for science and technology.This is usually done in presenting/reporting periodic activities during meetings with top management. The presentor will undergo eight stages: thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, reacting and monitoring. The speaker will think of what information will be provided to the audience. These ideas which will be transformed into words and sentences will be expressed to the listeners through an organized report. Such will affect the receiver via sound waves. As the message is sent, the reciever’s mind starts decoding the information.The value of the information to the listener/receiver and the clarity of presentation will affect the reactions. Being aware of the audience’s reaction, the presentor and ends with his monitoring activities. Components of the Communication Proce ss The communication process consists of the following components: A. Communication Situation- the particular context by which a need to tell something arises; B. Communicator- the provider of the information; C. Medium- this consist of oral and written modes of communication; D. Information-the message that will be imparted to a particular audience and; E.Receiver- the reader or listener of the information Reports in Communication Process The communication process consists of the following components: A. Communication Situation- the particular context by which a need to tell something arises. B. Communicator- the provider of the information. C. Medium- this consists of oral and written modes of communication. D. Information- the message that will be imparted to a particular audience. E. Receiver- the reader or listener of the information. Reports in the Communication Process How do reports fit into the communication process? It requires a minimum of two persons to communicate.In th e case of superior-subordinate relationship, communication usually emanates from the former if he/she wants a certain course of action to be done. The subordinate, who is the report writer, will research and gather facts in fulfillment of the assignment give to him. If the supervisor is satisfied with the information given, the communication process will stop temporarily. But if it does not meet his standards, additional work will be asked for. Thereby, the process of communication will start again. In sum, communication process is unsending- it’s a continuing process.Suppose the writer developed a description of the three phenomena, all in one paragraph. The paragraph would run quite long. Instead of one long paragraph, write three shorter ones, one on each phenomenon so that the material can be separated into small units. The style which is characterized by objectivity accuracy and conciseness should be utilized to communicate with people who belong to specialized professio ns. Example: Operation was becoming uneconomical both labor and full costs were more than what had been anticipated. -Adapted The word operation has different meanings to different people.In this case, it means a military action or mission. The scientific style of writing uses the third person and the passive voice for an impersonal approach in writing. If possible, avoid using â€Å"I† which will only lead to subjectivity. Technical writing is concerned with the action being done and not the person who has done action. This concept does not imply that the use of personal pronouns and verbs in the active voice is erroneous. However, the adaptation of such will also create another style of writing. Example: Set up the testing equipment in the laboratory and run three tests before I read the conclusions stated in this report. First Person, Singular, Active Voice) The testing equipment was set up in the laboratory and three tests were run before the conclusions stated in this re port. (Third Person, Passive Voice)-Adapted The second example is the style commonly found in technical reports. Qualities of Good and Effective Scientific and Technical Style Some of the qualities that could lead to a good and effective scientific and technical style are the following : * Honesty about facts * Care in obtaining and evaluating the facts * Accuracy in Presenting Data * Dignity and Restraint in Manner Objectivity in Analyzing and Interpreting Information Ways of Presenting Information Different companies have varied ways of presenting information. Some follow standard formats and others adopt their own format. This denotes that all technical writers must consider the usual practice of a certain company and the expectation of the receiver of the message. Hence, the use of formal or informal style is dependent upon context. Personal communication between business associates or personal friends calls for a Personal Writing Style while major reports which are submitted to top management are usually Impersonal in Style.It requires the format of a report. Requisites of a Technical Style The following are the requisites of a technical style in writing: Factual- refers to the orderly presentation of facts and ideas which could be achieved through careful planning. Functional- gives pertinent information and does not amuse or argue with anybody else. Informative- conveys facts and information. Objective- free from biases and prejudices, personal beliefs, emotions and attitudes. Concreteness- tantamount to definiteness, therefore generalizations should be supported by concrete facts or evidences.Consistency- the shift of tense and point of view in presenting a report will lead to inconsistency. Shifting of such will affect the personality of the writer and his style as well. For long and formal reports, it is better to use the third person consistently. Dignity- is achieved when the writer avoids colloquial/slang expressions and contractions. Simplicity- simple and familiar words are more emphatic and striking, hence, highfalutin words are less preferred in technical writing.